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Chess playing is most complex and demanding
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Complexity makes the domain particularly interesting
for cognitive scientists and psychologists.
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Construction of chess problems requires a large
amount of knowledge and experience.
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Important book about the psychology of chess playing:
De Groot(1965).
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Conclusion: construction of chess problems, should
not attempt to focus on such demanding constellations that in addition
to requiring highly evolved skills, are also very time consuming.
We use the classical form of three move problems
Figure 1: A typical three move problem.
The task is to perform the moves to reach a winning
position in three moves.
Supposing white starts, the solution is:
1. Be2 h1Q;
2. Bh5+ Qh5:;
3. Ng7+.
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Experienced chess players can show that for this
type of problem there is only one optimal solution.
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Furthermore, the time needed for handling such a
position is expected to be much shorter than for a complex constellation
in a real chess game.
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Basic concept in chess playing: motives:
tactical standard situations.
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In terms of problem solving, motives can be seen
as subgoals of a problem's solution.
Figure 2: Positions in which the motive fork
occurs.
Fork: One piece simultaneously attacks two
opposing pieces of higher value.
Solution (The solution provides the sequence of three moves which
a chess expert has considered as optimal for reaching a winning position.)
1. Nc7 Rg6/c6;
2. Nd5+ arbitrary (Arbitrary means that this move (in this case Black's
move) is not relevant to the solution)
3. Ne7+/Ne5+.
If we take a look at one of the possible final positions ( Black:Kf5,
Rc6, ...White:Ne7, ...), we see that White's Knight attacks both Kf5
and Rc6.
Figure 3: Positions in which the motive pin occurs.
Pin: An opposing piece is prevented from moving.
Solution
1. Qf8+ Qe8;
2. Rd1+ Rd7;
3. Be7:+.
Black Bishop cannot move away from e7 because of Bf6+.
Figure 4: Positions in which the motive guidance occurs.
Guidance: An opposing piece is forced to a
disadvantageous square.
Solution:
1. Kb6 Ba5+/c5+;
2. Ka6c6 arbitrary;
3. Qb7/c6 mate;
Black's Bishop is forced to a5+/c5+, otherwise 2.Qb7mate.
Figure 5: Positions in which the motive deflection occurs.
Deflection: An opposing piece is forced to
leave an important line or square.
Solution:
1. Bc8 Bd5;
2. Bf5: Bb7;
3. Be4.
Black's Bishop is forced to leave e6, otherwise 2.Be6:...
Table 1: Complete List of Chess Problems. Number Type Position
Solution Motives
| Number |
Type |
Position |
Solution |
Motives |
| 1 |
abcd |
White: Ka7 Qh3 Re5 Nd6 |
1. Rg5 Qf6 |
deflection, |
|
|
Black: Kh8 Qg6 Rg8 Bf7 Ph7 |
2. Qc3 Qc3: |
guidance, |
|
|
|
3. Nf7 mate |
pin, fork |
| 2 |
bcd |
White: Kh2 Bf3 Nh5 Pg3,g7 |
1. g8Q+ Kg8: |
guidance, |
|
|
Black: Kh7 Qe6 Ph3 |
2. Bd5 Qd5: |
pin, |
|
|
|
3. Nf6+ |
fork |
| 3 |
abc |
White: Kg1 Qe2 Re1 Bg6,h2 Pf2 |
1. Qe7:+ Qe7: |
deflection, |
|
|
Black: Kf8 Qb7 Rg8 Be7,h3 Pg7,f6 |
2. Bd6 Qd6: |
guidance, |
|
|
|
3. Re8 mate |
pin |
| 4 |
acd |
White: Kg1 Qc2 Rf2 Bb1 Nf8 Pb2,c6,g2 |
1. cb: Bb7: |
deflection, |
|
|
Black: Kd8 Qg7 Rd6 Be4 Nd3 Pb7,e7 |
2. Qd3: Rd3: |
pin, |
|
|
|
3. Ne6+ |
fork |
| 5 |
abd |
White: Ka2 Qf4 Be3 Pb2,b3,h3,c7 |
1. Qb4:+ cb: |
deflection, |
|
|
Black: Ka5 Qe7 Nb6 Pa6,b5,c5,b4,h4 |
2. Bb6:+ Kb6: |
guidance, |
|
|
|
3. c8N+ |
fork |
| 6 |
bc |
White: Kf1 Qa6 Re1 Nh3 Pg2,f2,d4 |
1. d5 Qd5: |
|
|
|
Black: Ke8 Qd6 Rh8 Nc6 Pe6,f7,g7 |
2. Qa8+ arbitrary |
guidance, |
|
|
|
3. Qc6:+/Qd5:/Qh8: |
pin |
| 7 |
ad |
White: Kd6 Nf5 Pe7 |
1. Nh6+ Nh6: |
|
|
|
Black: Kf7 Ng4 Ph7 |
2. Ke2 arbitrary |
deflection, |
|
|
|
3. e8Q |
fork |
| 8 |
bd |
White: Kc6 Ba6 Ne6 Pe4 |
1. Be2 h1Q |
|
|
|
Black: Ke8 Pe7,h2 |
2. Bh5+ Qh5: |
guidance, |
|
|
|
3. Ng7+ |
fork |
| 9 |
ac |
White: Kh2 Bb6 Pf3,g2 |
1. Bc7 Rg2:+ |
|
|
|
Black: Kh4 Rc2 Ph7,h5,g5 |
2. Kg2: arbitrary |
deflection, |
|
|
|
3. Bd8/f2 mate |
pin |
| 10 |
cd |
White: Kf3 Rc6 Ne5 Pg5 |
1. Rc8+ Kg7 |
|
|
|
Black: Kg8 Rd4 Be7 Pf4 |
2. Rc7 Kf8 |
pin, |
|
|
|
3. Ng6+ |
fork |
| 11 |
ab |
White: Kh2 Qd1 Re2 Pd7,f2,h4 |
1. Re8+ Re8: |
|
|
|
Black: Kg8 Qb5 Rd8 Pa4,g7,h7 |
2. Qd5+ Qd5: |
deflection, |
|
|
|
3. deQ mate |
guidance |
| 12 |
d |
White: Kf2 Ne8,f7 Pd3 |
1. Nc7 Rg6/c6 |
|
|
|
Black: Kf4 Re6 Pd4 |
2. Nd5+ arbitrary |
|
|
|
|
3. Ne7+/Ne5+ |
fork |
| 13 |
c |
White: Kf1 Qh6 Re1 Bf6 |
1. Qf8+ Qe8 |
|
|
|
Black: Kd8 Qa4 Rb7 Be7 Pf7 |
2. Rd1+ Rd7 |
|
|
|
|
3. Be7:+ |
pin |
| 14 |
b |
White: Kb5 Qd7 Pa7 |
1. Kb6 Ba5+/c5+ |
|
|
|
Black: Ka8 Bb4 Pa2,c2 |
2. Ka6/c6 arbitrary |
|
|
|
|
3. Qb7/c6 mate |
guidance |
| 15 |
a |
White: Kd8 Bb7 Pc7 |
1. Bc8 Bd5 |
|
|
|
Black: Kd6 Be6 Pf5,a6 |
2. Bf5: Bb7 |
|
|
|
|
3. Be4 |
deflection |
Problems by Maiselis and Judowitsch(1966); problem 10 by Geisdorf(1984);
problem12 by Chéron(1960); problem14 by Speckmann(1958).
Maiselis, I.L.Judowitsch, M.M.Chéron, A.Speckmann, W.Geisdorf,
H.
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